Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) is one of the most informative techniques for the electronic structure of paramagnetic materials.EPR spectroscopy is particularly useful for studying chemical systems with strong local spin densities and their interactions with the environment.

The Hall effect is a kind of electromagnetic effect. When the current passes through the semiconductor perpendicular to the external magnetic field, the carriers are deflected, and an additional electric field is generated perpendicular to the direction of the current and the magnetic field, thereby generating a potential difference between the two ends of the semiconductor. The phenomenon is the Hall effect. The Hall effect is widely used in material characterization and magnetic field sensing.

Samples of superconducting material applied by a weak alternating voltage can occur a weak current through itself, which can be measured by LIA in order to avoid the measurement error from thermoelectric EMF effect.

Tensile tests are to be carried out when evaluating the strength of metallic materials. In order to detect small changes in metal cracks or shape, you can measure the AC resistance of sample (called AC potential method).